Runic was built for the White Star Line as a livestock carrier, serving
the Liverpool - New York route. She was sold in 1895 to the West India &
Pacific Steamship Co. and renamed Tampican. In 1899 she was transferred
to the Leyland Line. In 1912, she was sold to Moss & Co. and immediately
sold again to the South Pacific Whaling Co. Renamed Imo, her new
owners employed her as a whale oil tanker. In 1917, whilst servings
as a 'Belgian Relief Ship', she collided with the French vessel Mont
Blanc in Halifax Harbour (Nova Scotia).
Imo had left its mooring in Bedford Basin and was headed for the
open sea. At about the same time, the French ship Mont Blanc was moving
up the harbour to moor. Mont Blanc, a much smaller vessel (said
to be barely seaworthy), was waiting for an eastbound
convoy so that she could cross the Atlantic in
greater safety - the threat from German submarines at that time
made the convoy system a necessity. She was carrying 35 tons of benzol,
300 rounds of ammunition, 10 tons of gun cotton, 2,300 tons of picric acid
(used in explosives), and 400,000 pounds of TNT. These munitions
filled her holds and cargo spaces and even her decks were stacked
with potentially lethal cargo.
Despite being, in effect, a gigantic floating bomb Mont
Blanc was not flying any signal flag(s) to indicate her dangerous
burden. Confusion arose when Imo and Mont Blanc had to pass
each other; the former White Star ship was travelling fast and
too close to Dartmouth when the Mont Blanc's captain became aware
of the approaching problem; he signalled that his vessel was in her correct
channel. But Imo signalled that she was intending to bear further
to port - even closer to Dartmouth and further into the Mont Blanc's
channel. Mont Blanc signalled again that she was still intending
to pass to starboard; she was by this time very close to the Dartmouth shore
and travelling dead slow.
Mont Blanc's captain was faced with a choice between
steering uncomfortably close to the shore or going across
Imo's bow to pass on her opposite side, he
opted for the latter course. Perhaps both ships simultaneously
decided that there was a real danger of collision - as Mont Blanc
sailed in front of Imo, each of them rang up Full Astern. In the process,
Imo's bow swung towards Mont Blanc and clipped her - missing
the TNT, but striking the picric acid stored directly beneath the drums of
benzol on deck. The impact cut a wedge in Mont Blanc's side and produced
sparks.
The crew of Mont Blanc, seeing flames licking around their
volatile cargo, immediately boarded the lifeboats, shouting warnings
that no one heeded or understood. They rowed for Dartmouth, leaving the now
furiously burning ship to drift towards Halifax, propelled in that direction
by the push from Imo.
Mont Blanc drifted by a Halifax pier, brushing it and setting it ablaze.
Members of the Halifax Fire Department responded quickly; they were connecting
their engine to the nearest hydrant when Mont Blanc disintegrated
in a blinding white flash, creating the biggest man-made explosion before
the nuclear age. Because it took the blazing vessel 20 minutes to erupt,
there was time for sight-seers to gather and for people
living nearby to open their windows and satisfy their curiosity.
The majority of them were killed outright;
like many of the men claimed by shellfire during that
'War To End All Wars', those firefighters and citizens were sometimes
smashed into atoms by the merciless, killing ferocity of the explosion.
The blast flattened Richmond (north end of Halifax). The shock wave was
felt up to 270 miles (430 km) away (it was noticed in Sydney, Cape Breton).
The casualty figures were appalling. At least 2,000 people were killed; another
2000 were listed as missing and never found; 9,000 were injured (including
1,000 people who sustained eye damage) and 25,000 were made at least
temporarily homeless. Over 1,600 buildings in a 16 mile (26 km) radius were
destroyed and 12,000 more damaged. The total property loss was estimated
at $35,000,000. Some of the damage was the result of a 13 foot (3.96 m) tidal
wave generated by the explosion - this wall of water not only struck
buildings and people, it also assailed shipping in the port - even armoured
warships were battered.
The Mont Blanc was completely destroyed - she was ripped apart
and scattered like metal rain. Some of her heavier parts flew through the
air for great distances and added to the death and destruction. Despite being
grounded, the Imo survived the disaster with only superficial
damage.
In 1918 the Imo was renamed Guvernoren. On 30th November
1921, en route from Norway to Antarctica, still under the ownership
of the South Pacific Whaling Co., she ran aground on rocks off Port
Stanley (the Falkland Islands) in a heavy fog and was declared a total loss.
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